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submachine gun
A submachine gun (SMG) is an air-cooled, magazine-fed, automatic carbine designed to fire pistol cartridges. The term "submachine gun" was coined by John T. Thompson, the inventor of the Thompson submachine gun.〔http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Thompson+submachine+gun%3A+shooting+a+20th+century+icon.-a0172907495〕
The submachine gun was developed during World War I (1914–1918). At its zenith during World War II (1939–1945), millions of SMGs were made. After the war, new SMG designs appeared almost every week.〔Military Small Arms Of The 20th Century. Ian Hogg & John Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. p93〕 However, by the 1980s the SMG's days were numbered.〔 Today, submachine guns have been largely replaced by assault rifles,〔 which have a greater effective range and are capable of penetrating the helmets and body armor used by modern infantrymen.〔http://www.defensereview.com/submachine-guns-smgs-outpaced-by-today%E2%80%99s-modern-short-barreled-rifles-sbrssub-carbines-or-still-a-viable-tool-for-close-quarters-battleclose-quarters-combat-cqbcqc/〕 However, submachine guns are still widely used by police SWAT teams and military special forces.
There are some inconsistencies in the classification of submachine guns.〔Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. pages 93-94.〕 British Commonwealth sources often refer to SMGs as "machine carbines".〔〔Sten Machine Carbine, by Peter Laidler & R Blake Stevens, Collector Grade Publications,Canada; 1ST edition (December 2000)〕 Other sources refer to SMGs as "machine pistols" because they fire pistol-caliber ammunition, for example, the MP-40 and MP5, where "MP" stands for ''Maschinenpistole'' ("machine pistol" in German).〔Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. pages 93-94 & 116-125.〕 However, the term "machine pistol" is also used to describe a handgun-style〔James Smyth Wallace. ''Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue''. CRC Press. 2008. p. xxiii〕 firearm capable of fully automatic or burst fire, such as the Stechkin, Beretta 93R and the H&K VP70. Personal Defence Weapons (PDW) such as the FN P90 and H&K MP7 are also commonly referred to as submachine guns.〔 In addition, some compact assault rifles, such as the Colt XM177, HK53 and AKS-74U, are also referred to as SMGs, because they are used in the submachine gun role.〔Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. 7th Edition. by Ian V. Hogg & John S. Weeks. Krause Publications. 2000. pages 125 & 166-167.〕
==History==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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